On Nov. 3, North Dakota voters will decide on Ballot Measure 2, a constitutional amendment that would guarantee free breakfast and lunch to every public school student in the state. If approved, the measure would make North Dakota the 10th state — and first Republican-led state — to provide universal free school meals (UFSM). 

As grocery prices continue to rise and the federal government cuts nutritional aid programs, North Dakota’s ballot measure could hold implications for how other policymakers across the country ensure children have enough to eat at school. Voters in deep-red North Dakota will not only determine whether to provide free school meals in their state, but may also reshape the discourse around UFSM as a policy with voter appeal across the political spectrum.

Background on School Meals in the U.S.

Through the National School Lunch Program and the School Breakfast Program, the federal government reimburses education agencies for providing nutritious meals to students. These programs reimburse meals served free or at a reduced price to eligible students from low-income households, and pay much smaller amounts for full-price meals. In fiscal year 2024, these two programs subsidized meals for nearly 30 million K-12 students nationwide. Under the Community Eligibility Provision, high-poverty schools and districts can serve meals at no cost to all students, regardless of individual need. During the 2021-22 school year, the federal government temporarily funded UFSM nationwide amid the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Alongside federal funding, state and local governments may expend resources to further subsidize school meals or provide UFSM. As of October 2026, nine states provide UFSM to students (Figure). None of the states that currently offer UFSM are Republican-led. In states that do not guarantee UFSM, local education agencies may still choose to provide all students with free meals. For example, Montgomery County Public Schools in Virginia offers free breakfast to all students every school day.

Nine states currently provide universal free school breakfast and lunch to all public school students.

Figure: States Providing UFSM to Public K-12 Districts

Understanding North Dakota’s Ballot Measure 2

If passed, Ballot Measure 2 would amend the North Dakota Constitution to require that all public schools “provide one breakfast and one lunch each school day to enrolled students at no cost to the student, parent, or guardians.” The measure would require the state government to reimburse districts and schools for all free meals, a mandate estimated to cost the state between $124 million and $134 million in additional expenditures over the 2027-29 biennium. Under the measure, nonpublic schools, Bureau of Indian Education schools, and other tribal schools would have the option to participate in the UFSM program.

The Together for School Meals coalition has organized the Measure 2 campaign with support from labor unions, religious institutions, and community-based organizations. Advocates began collecting signatures for the ballot initiative following multiple failed efforts in the state Legislature to expand school nutrition programs. Together for School Meals organizer Robin Nelson said legislative inaction was not going to stop them “if this is what our North Dakota citizens want.”

However, some stakeholders have raised concerns that Measure 2 would crowd out funding for other state priorities. Republican Gov. Kelly Armstrong said school meals are an important issue, but that a constitutional amendment would elevate UFSM to be “the single most important thing that exists,” taking precedence over competing initiatives that lawmakers must consider as part of the budgeting process.

Will North Dakota Shift the UFSM Debate?

In the 2024 presidential election, Donald Trump won North Dakota by nearly 37 percentage points. While state- and national-level Republican lawmakers have opposed expanding school meal programs, North Dakota’s heavily Republican electorate will weigh in on UFSM directly in this year’s midterm elections. 

If voters support Measure 2, state advocates and lawmakers across the country may undertake similar policy campaigns to expand child nutrition programs. As of September 2026, lawmakers in a majority of states have introduced UFSM bills, and residents in at least a dozen states could organize ballot initiative campaigns in upcoming election cycles. At the same time, weak public support for Measure 2 may discourage lawmakers across the U.S. from backing UFSM, and dishearten advocates seeking to mobilize around school nutrition programs. 

Whether North Dakotans approve or reject Ballot Measure 2, the result will give policymakers and advocates elsewhere insights into how UFSM fares with voters in deep-red states. North Dakota voters will undoubtedly influence the political discourse surrounding UFSM across the country for years to come.